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Stop Animal
Exploitation NOW!
S. A. E. N.
"Exposing the truth to wipe
out animal experimentation"

Government Grants Promoting Cruelty to Animals
University of California, Los Angeles, CA
DARIO L. RINGACH - Primate Testing - 2007
The Journal of Neuroscience, July 18, 2007,
27(29):7673-7683; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1048-07.2007
Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
The Operating Point of the Cortex: Neurons as Large
Deviation Detectors
Dario L. Ringach and Brian J. Malone
Department of Psychology and Neurobiology, Jules Stein Eye Institute,
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles,
Los Angeles, California 90095-1563
Animal preparation. Experiments were approved by the
University of California, Los Angeles, Animal Research Committee and
were performed by following National Institutes of Health's Guidelines
for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience. Old World monkeys (Macaca
fascicularis, 35 kg) were used. Animals were sedated with acepromazine
(3060 µg/kg) and anesthetized with ketamine (520 mg/kg, i.m.). Initial
surgery was then performed under 1.52.5% isoflurane. Two intravenous
lines were put in place for the continuous infusion of drugs. A urethral
catheter was inserted to collect and monitor urine output. An
endotracheal tube was inserted to allow for artificial respiration.
Pupils were dilated with ophthalmic atropine, and the eyes were
protected with ophthalmic Tobradex (Alcon Laboratories, Ft. Worth, TX)
and custom-made gas permeable contact lenses.
At the completion of this initial surgery the animal was transferred to
a stereotaxic frame. At this point the anesthesia was switched to a
combination of sufentanil (0.15 µg · kg1 · h1) and propofol (26 mg ·
kg1 · h1). After monitoring the anesthetic plane for 1020 min, we
performed a craniotomy over the primary visual cortex. Only after the
completion of all surgical procedures, including the insertion of the
electrode array, was the animal paralyzed (Pavulon, 0.1 mg · kg1 ·
h1).
To ensure a proper level of anesthesia throughout the experiment, we
continually monitored rectal temperature, heart rate, noninvasive blood
pressure, end-tidal CO2, SpO2, and EEG by a Hewlett-Packard Company
Virida 24C neonatal monitor (Palo Alto, CA). Urine output and specific
gravity were measured every 45 h to ensure adequate hydration. Drugs
were administered in balanced physiological solution at a rate to
maintain a fluid volume of 510 ml · kg1 · h1. Rectal temperature was
maintained by a self-regulating heating pad at 37.5°C. Expired CO2 was
maintained between 4.5 and 5.5% by adjusting the stroke volume and
ventilation rate. The maximal pressure developed during the respiration
cycle was monitored to verify that there was no incremental blocking of
the airway. A broad spectrum antibiotic (Bicillin, 50,000 IU/kg) and
anti-inflammatory steroid (dexamethasone, 0.5 mg/kg) were given at the
beginning of the experiment and every other day.
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Please email: DARIO L. RINGACH,
[email protected]
to protest the inhumane use of animals in this
experiment. We would also love to know about your efforts with this
cause:
[email protected]
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Rats, mice, birds, amphibians and other animals have
been excluded from coverage by the Animal Welfare Act. Therefore research
facility reports do not include these animals. As a result of this
situation, a blank report, or one with few animals listed, does not mean
that a facility has not performed experiments on non-reportable animals. A
blank form does mean that the facility in question has not used covered
animals (primates, dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, pigs,
sheep, goats, etc.). Rats and mice alone are believed to comprise over 90%
of the animals used in experimentation. Therefore the majority of animals
used at research facilities are not even counted.
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