Barbara Stagno, CAARE
Citizens for Alternatives to Animal Research and Experimentation
May 2017
The team has developed an Alzheimer’s assay, where they prepare synthetic, brain-like membranes that show senile plaques. These can be used to test Alzheimer’s drugs in vitro, without the use of live animals or human subjects. They can also prepare membranes that mimic those of resistant bacteria to test ways to improve antibiotic therapy.
AARE continually reviews scientific methods of research without using animals. Now and again we are excited to see something truly innovative that shows important potential to replace animals.
At the laboratory of Maikel Rheinstadter, associate professor of
biophysics at McMaster University, he and his team are using basic
biological components, like lipids, cholesterol, peptides and proteins to
form synthetic, human-like tissue in a petri dish, entirely without the use
of animals or animal cells. These synthetic tissues can be used to study how
drugs work, including how and why they work differently between individuals.
The ground-breaking technique has far-reaching applications for enhancing
personalized medicine, as well as expediting drug discovery by reducing the
use of animal or human testing.
The need for improved methods of drug development is essential. The FDA
describes the current process, which is based largely on animal testing, as
“complicated, time-consuming and costly.” It is also extremely inhumane.
Only 5 in 5,000 compounds that enter early testing make it to human
clinical trials, and only 1 of those 5 may be safe and effective enough to
reach the market.
Dr. Rheinstadter's lab uses experimental biophysics to synthesize membranes
which are a critical biological component that stands between the living
cell and the surrounding environment. Membranes are the first to face attack
from many infectious diseases.
“We create these tissues from the bottom up,” says Dr. Rheinstadter. By
tweaking the membrane’s composition, the lab can mimic specific body
tissues, for example using hormones to differentiate between male and female
tissue.
Dr. Rheinstadter (right) and a PhD student. Photo Credit: McMaster
University
“We can mimic a person who is healthy, someone with high cholesterol, someone with arthritis, someone who is older. We can even make things like synthetic Alzheimer’s tissue.”
Photo credit: McMaster University
The synthesized tissue is placed on a silicone chip and left to grow in a
petri dish. Next the McMaster scientists test how compounds like drugs
affect human cells using X-rays and a specialized computational microscope
that allows them to see in detail what is happening inside the cell.
The team has developed an Alzheimer’s assay, where they prepare synthetic,
brain-like membranes that show senile plaques. These can be used to test
Alzheimer’s drugs in vitro, without the use of live animals or human
subjects. They can also prepare membranes that mimic those of resistant
bacteria to test ways to improve antibiotic therapy.
“This process allows us to get very detailed information about how drugs
work in various types of tissue and get the results very quickly,” says Dr.
Rheinstadter. “Five years ago it would have taken months on a lab X-ray
source and a super-computer to study a drug but with today’s equipment, we
can now study a drug overnight using this process.”
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