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Turn Off the Fat Genes
By Neal D. Barnard, M.D.
www.pcrm.org
"It doesn't make any difference what I eat.
Weight problems just run in my family. It's all genetic." These are
common excuses, but genetic research has just shot them down in
flames.
Genes do influence our size and shape, but
studies clearly show that if you change your diet and lifestyle, you
can override hereditary effects to a great degree. Contrary to popular
understanding, genes are not dictators; they are committees. They do
not give orders; they make suggestions. You can counteract your fat
genes and boost your thin genes.
We
often think of genes as unchangeable because, when it comes to eye
color or hair color, they really are decisive. If they call for blue
eyes or brown hair, that's it. But the genes that establish your size
and shape are much more flexible. They need to be able to adjust your
appetite and your calorie burning, depending on whether food is
plentiful or not, and whether you are working hard or resting. Unlike
eye or hair color, your body has to be able to change its composition
from minute to minute, from day to day.
Although your chromosomes are extraordinarily
complex, there are just five key gene groups you need to know about:
- Taste genes determine the foods you crave.
In taste experiments, scientists use a test substance called PROP
(6-N-propylthiouracil). About one in four people can taste its
bitterness very strongly. These people avoid grapefruits and never
go near black coffee. Although their acute taste sense is generally
an advantage, the downside is they may avoid healthy vegetables,
such as broccoli or cabbage, that have a hint of bitterness. If this
group includes you, you'll want to find ways to flavor these healthy
vegetables so you will include them in your routine.
Another one in four people cannot taste
PROP and are called "taste blind." Their problem is they may tend to
overeat, making up in quantity what they are missing in taste. If
this includes you, and you tend to be indiscriminate in what you're
eating, you'll want to take care to emphasize fruits, vegetables,
whole grains, and beans, and to be very cautious about fatty foods
and their hidden calories.
- A gene on chromosome 7 makes leptin, the
appetite-taming hormone. In 1997, English researchers reported the
case of two cousins who became extremely obese very early in life.
They demanded food continuously and ate much more than their
siblings. At age 8, one weighed 189 pounds. She had so much trouble
walking she had to have liposuction of her legs. Her cousin was only
two years old but already weighed 64 pounds. It turned out they
shared a rare mutation blocking the leptin gene. With no leptin to
curb hunger, their appetites were voracious.
You are not likely to have this same gene
abnormality. However, your leptin may not be working perfectly
either. Very-low-calorie diets disrupt its appetite-taming effect,
causing your appetite to run out of control. The key to keeping
leptin working right is to avoid severe calorie restrictions. If you
eat at least 10 calories per day per pound of your ideal weight, you
are unlikely to run into serious problems.
- A gene on chromosome 8 builds LPL, the key
enzyme that stores fat in your cells. It waits along the walls of
the tiny blood vessels that course through your body fat, and its
job is to extract fat from your bloodstream and pass it into your
fat cells for storage. If your LPL is doing its job a little too
well, you can change this genetic tendency by choosing foods that
have little or no fat in them. Once again, vegetables, fruits,
legumes, and whole grains are your best friends.
- The hormone insulin, coded on chromosome
11, is part of your body's system for increasing your metabolism
after meals. Depending on the type of foods you choose, you can help
insulin spark a pronounced after-meal burn that releases calories as
body heat rather than storing them as fat. Low-fat, vegan diets,
along with regular exercise, make insulin more efficient.
- Believe it or not, exercise aptitude is
largely biological, too. People who love to go for a five-mile run
at the crack of dawn are genetically different from other people.
They are endowed with a better capillary network that brings oxygen
to working muscles and a more efficient fuel-burning mechanism. If
you did not get these genetic advantages, you can do the next best
thing. If you begin a regular exercise program and stick with it,
your muscle cells begin to look more and more like those of natural
athletes.
There is no need to be daunted by your family
heritage. Yes, some of us will always be bigger and others smaller.
But with a healthy, low-fat, vegan diet and regular physical activity,
your genes can stop working against you and start working for you.
Turn
Off the Fat Genes, a new book by PCRM
president Neal D. Barnard, M.D., explores the gene effects that are
key to weight control and shows how to control them, along with menus
and recipes by Jennifer Raymond (Harmony Books, 2000).
PHOTO OF GENE MODEL: � 2001, PHOTODISC |